Camino al hidrógeno verde solar: revisión literaria de tecnologías, eficiencia y viabilidad económica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18779/ingenio.v9i1.1203Palabras clave:
Costo nivelado de producción, electrólisis, energía solar, hidrógeno verde, paneles solaresResumen
El hidrógeno verde generado a partir de energía solar se perfila como una alternativa técnica para transitar hacia un modelo energético sostenible. Este artículo presenta una revisión de literatura actualizada sobre los avances más relevantes en tecnologías de electrólisis alimentadas por energía solar, con un enfoque en su eficiencia, costos y viabilidad comercial. Se examinan los principales tipos de electrolizadores, sus condiciones operativas y limitaciones. El análisis incorpora aspectos económicos clave que influyen en la competitividad del hidrógeno verde, particularmente el costo nivelado de producción (LCOH), afectado por la infraestructura de almacenamiento y el costo de la electricidad. Aunque persisten desafíos técnicos y financieros, el uso de energía solar para la generación de hidrógeno se presenta como una opción concreta para diversificar matrices energéticas y reducir las emisiones del sector energético.
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M. Awad et al., “A review of water electrolysis for green hydrogen generation considering PV/wind/hybrid/hydropower/geothermal/tidal and wave/biogas energy systems, economic analysis, and its application”, Alex. Eng. J., vol. 87, pp. 213-239, Jan. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2023.12.032
M. M. Meshesha, D. Chanda, y B. L. Yang, “Efficient green hydrogen production through metal–organic framework-derived Ni and Co mediated iron selenide hexagonal nanorods and wireless coupled with photovoltaics for urea and alkaline water electrolysis”, Appl. Catal. B Environ. Energy, vol. 344, pp. 123635, May. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.123635
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M. Nasser, y H. Hassan, “Thermo-economic performance maps of green hydrogen production via water electrolysis powered by ranges of solar and wind energies”, Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess., vol. 60, pp. 103424, Dec. 2023. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2023.103424
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M. Nasser, T. F. Megahed, S. Ookawara, y H. Hassan, “Performance evaluation of PV panels/wind turbines hybrid system for green hydrogen generation and storage: Energy, exergy, economic, and enviroeconomic”, Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 267, pp. 115870, Sep. 2022. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115870
R. A. Younis, E. Touti, M. Aoudia, W. Zahrouni, A. I. Omar, y A. H. Elmetwaly, “Innovative hybrid energy storage systems with sustainable integration of green hydrogen and energy management solutions for standalone PV microgrids based on reduced fractional gradient descent algorithm”, Results Eng., vol. 24, Dic. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103229
B. Hüner, “Mathematical modeling of an integrated photovoltaic-assisted PEM water electrolyzer system for hydrogen production”, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, vol. 79, pp. 594-608, Aug. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.07.041
S. G. Chalk, y J. F. Miller, “Key challenges and recent progress in batteries, fuel cells, and hydrogen storage for clean energy systems”, J. Power Sources, vol. 159, no. 1, pp. 73-80, Sep. 2006. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.04.058
R. Ojha et al., “Insights into the structure-property relationships of activated carbon derived from phenolic resin for electrochemical storage of green hydrogen using proton battery”, J. Energy Storage, vol. 107, Jan. 2025. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.114912
M. Chen et al., “Enhancing the Efficiency of Multi-Electrolyzer Clusters with Lye Mixer: Topology Design and Control Strategy”, Energy Eng., vol. 121, no. 10, pp. 3055-3074, Sep. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.32604/ee.2024.051524
A. Boretti, “Estimating the efficiency of a PEM electrolyzer fed by a PV plant in NEOM City”, Sol. Energy Adv., vol. 4, Sep. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seja.2024.100072
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S. Brouzas, M. Zadeh, y B. Lagemann, “Essentials of hydrogen storage and power systems for green shipping”, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, vol. 100, pp. 1543-1560, Jan. 2025. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.12.253
A. Eslami, S. A. Lachini, y M. Enhessari, “Green and sol–gel synthesis of perovskite type LaCo0.2Mn0.8O3 nanoceramics as potential materials for electrochemical hydrogen storage: A comparative study”, Fuel, vol. 386, Apr. 2025. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.134231
A. Ibáñez-Rioja et al., “Simulation methodology for an off-grid solar–battery–water electrolyzer plant: Simultaneous optimization of component capacities and system control”, Appl. Energy, vol. 307, Feb. 2022. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118157
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A. Sony, K. Acharjya, K. Sharma, y N. Beemkumar, “Production of Green Hydrogen through Renewable Energy Sources based Microgrid”, en E3S Web of Conferences, 2024, pp. 1-13. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454011001
J. Li, T. Wu, C. Cheng, J. Li, y K. Zhou, “A Review of the Research Progress and Application of Key Components in the Hydrogen Fuel Cell System”, Processes, vol. 12, no. 2, Jan. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12020249
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A. Taji Eshkaftaki, E. Baniasadi, A. M. Parvanian, y A. Amiri, “In-house green hydrogen production for steelmaking decarbonization using steel slag as thermal energy storage material: A life cycle assessment”, Energy, vol. 313, Dic. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.133966
L. Bornemann, J. Lange, y M. Kaltschmitt, “Optimizing temperature and pressure in PEM electrolyzers: A model-based approach to enhanced efficiency in integrated energy systems”, Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 325, Feb. 2025. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119338
M. S. Herdem et al., “A brief overview of solar and wind-based green hydrogen production systems: Trends and standardization”, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, vol. 51, pp. 340-353, Jan. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.05.172
M. Awad et al., “A review of water electrolysis for green hydrogen generation considering PV/wind/hybrid/hydropower/geothermal/tidal and wave/biogas energy systems, economic analysis, and its application”, Alex. Eng. J., vol. 87, pp. 213-239, Jan. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2023.12.032
M. M. Meshesha, D. Chanda, y B. L. Yang, “Efficient green hydrogen production through metal–organic framework-derived Ni and Co mediated iron selenide hexagonal nanorods and wireless coupled with photovoltaics for urea and alkaline water electrolysis”, Appl. Catal. B Environ. Energy, vol. 344, pp. 123635, May. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.123635
A. Abdurakhmanov et al., “Hydrogen production using solar energy”, IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 937, no. 4, pp. 042042, Dec. 2021. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/4/042042
K. Sayed et al., “Feasibility Study and Economic Analysis of PV/Wind-Powered Hydrogen Production Plant”, IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 76304-76318, 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3406895
F. F. Ahmad, O. Rejeb, G. Boudekji, y C. Ghenai, “Green hydrogen production using bifacial solar photovoltaics integrated with high-albedo roof coating & micro-inverter”, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, vol. 56, pp. 642-650, Feb. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.12.261
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D. Virah-Sawmy, F. J. Beck, y B. Sturmberg, “Ignore variability, overestimate hydrogen production – Quantifying the effects of electrolyzer efficiency curves on hydrogen production from renewable energy sources”, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, vol. 72, pp. 49-59, Jun. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.05.360
Z. Saadat, M. Farazmand, y M. Sameti, “Integration of underground green hydrogen storage in hybrid energy generation”, Fuel, vol. 371, pp. 131899, Sep. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131899
M. Nasser, y H. Hassan, “Techno-enviro-economic analysis of hydrogen production via low and high temperature electrolyzers powered by PV/Wind turbines/Waste heat”, Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 278, pp. 116693, Feb. 2023. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.116693
M. Nasser, y H. Hassan, “Thermo-economic performance maps of green hydrogen production via water electrolysis powered by ranges of solar and wind energies”, Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess., vol. 60, pp. 103424, Dec. 2023. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2023.103424
A. Ibáñez-Rioja et al., “Off-grid solar PV–wind power–battery–water electrolyzer plant: Simultaneous optimization of component capacities and system control”, Appl. Energy, vol. 345, pp. 121277, Sep. 2023. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121277
M. Nasser, T. F. Megahed, S. Ookawara, y H. Hassan, “Performance evaluation of PV panels/wind turbines hybrid system for green hydrogen generation and storage: Energy, exergy, economic, and enviroeconomic”, Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 267, pp. 115870, Sep. 2022. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115870
R. A. Younis, E. Touti, M. Aoudia, W. Zahrouni, A. I. Omar, y A. H. Elmetwaly, “Innovative hybrid energy storage systems with sustainable integration of green hydrogen and energy management solutions for standalone PV microgrids based on reduced fractional gradient descent algorithm”, Results Eng., vol. 24, Dic. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103229
B. Hüner, “Mathematical modeling of an integrated photovoltaic-assisted PEM water electrolyzer system for hydrogen production”, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, vol. 79, pp. 594-608, Aug. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.07.041
S. G. Chalk, y J. F. Miller, “Key challenges and recent progress in batteries, fuel cells, and hydrogen storage for clean energy systems”, J. Power Sources, vol. 159, no. 1, pp. 73-80, Sep. 2006. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.04.058
R. Ojha et al., “Insights into the structure-property relationships of activated carbon derived from phenolic resin for electrochemical storage of green hydrogen using proton battery”, J. Energy Storage, vol. 107, Jan. 2025. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.114912
M. Chen et al., “Enhancing the Efficiency of Multi-Electrolyzer Clusters with Lye Mixer: Topology Design and Control Strategy”, Energy Eng., vol. 121, no. 10, pp. 3055-3074, Sep. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.32604/ee.2024.051524
A. Boretti, “Estimating the efficiency of a PEM electrolyzer fed by a PV plant in NEOM City”, Sol. Energy Adv., vol. 4, Sep. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seja.2024.100072
H. Wu et al., “Engineering the catalyst interface enables high carbon efficiency in both cation-exchange and bipolar membrane electrolyzers”, Appl. Catal. B Environ. Energy, vol. 361, Feb. 2025. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2024.124691
A. Okunlola, M. Davis, y A. Kumar, “The development of an assessment framework to determine the technical hydrogen production potential from wind and solar energy”, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 166, Sep. 2022. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112610
M. Tao, J. A. Azzolini, E. B. Stechel, K. E. Ayers, y T. I. Valdez, “Review—Engineering Challenges in Green Hydrogen Production Systems”, J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 169, no. 5, May 2022. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac6983
S. Brouzas, M. Zadeh, y B. Lagemann, “Essentials of hydrogen storage and power systems for green shipping”, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, vol. 100, pp. 1543-1560, Jan. 2025. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.12.253
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A. Ibáñez-Rioja et al., “Simulation methodology for an off-grid solar–battery–water electrolyzer plant: Simultaneous optimization of component capacities and system control”, Appl. Energy, vol. 307, Feb. 2022. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118157
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A. Sony, K. Acharjya, K. Sharma, y N. Beemkumar, “Production of Green Hydrogen through Renewable Energy Sources based Microgrid”, en E3S Web of Conferences, 2024, pp. 1-13. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454011001
J. Li, T. Wu, C. Cheng, J. Li, y K. Zhou, “A Review of the Research Progress and Application of Key Components in the Hydrogen Fuel Cell System”, Processes, vol. 12, no. 2, Jan. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12020249
M. Wong, y H. N. Afrouzi, “Hydrogen Energy Storage System: Review on Recent Progress”, Energy Eng., vol. 122, no. 1, pp. 1-39, Dec. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.32604/ee.2024.056707
A. Taji Eshkaftaki, E. Baniasadi, A. M. Parvanian, y A. Amiri, “In-house green hydrogen production for steelmaking decarbonization using steel slag as thermal energy storage material: A life cycle assessment”, Energy, vol. 313, Dic. 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.133966
L. Bornemann, J. Lange, y M. Kaltschmitt, “Optimizing temperature and pressure in PEM electrolyzers: A model-based approach to enhanced efficiency in integrated energy systems”, Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 325, Feb. 2025. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119338
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