Revisión integral del impacto epidemiológico, productivo y sanitario de Ascaris suum en sistemas de producción porcina
Palavras-chave:
ascarosis, helmintiasis porcina, sanidad animal, bioseguridad, zoonosisResumo
Ascaris suum es un helminto frecuente en la porcicultura y sigue generando problemas de salud animal, productividad, bienestar e inocuidad. El objetivo de esta revisión fue analizar su impacto epidemiológico, productivo y sanitario en sistemas de producción porcina, a partir de literatura científica publicada entre 2010 y 2025. Se desarrolló una revisión bibliográfica narrativa integral, apoyada con búsquedas en Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect y Scopus AI. Se identificaron 126 registros potencialmente relacionados con el tema y se integró literatura científica pertinente sobre prevalencia, diagnóstico, pérdidas económicas, bioseguridad, control y riesgo zoonótico. La evidencia muestra una prevalencia variable según el sistema: 7,6 % en granjas intensivas del norte de Italia, 34,8 % en cerdos de traspatio en Myanmar y reportes de variabilidad regional de 52 % a 85 % en áreas de maternidad o manejo familiar. En sistemas orgánicos o near-organic se informó hasta 74 % de infección en cerdos de acabado. En el plano productivo, se han documentado reducciones de 16,8 g/día en ganancia diaria de peso y pérdidas de USD 6,50 ± 3,20 por cerdo infectado, además de lesiones hepáticas tipo milk spots. En diagnóstico, ELISA (Ensayo por inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas) detectó mayor exposición que la flotación fecal (69 % vs. 13 %), lo que evidencia que la coproparasitología puede subestimar infecciones. Se concluye que el control debe integrar higiene, bioseguridad, manejo ambiental, desparasitación estratégica y vigilancia serológica.
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